Definitions of Professional Nouns of Chinese Martial Arts (1)
Yingzhang Wang(汪莹章)
Why I introduce some Chinese pinyin words in English?
(1) There are a lot of professional words in any field of sciences as these words may not be replaced by other existing English words. Chinese Martial Arts belong sciences.
(2) There are a lot of foreign words in English from German, French and Latin. Chinese is a very difficult language to understand and to translate. There are no existing English words to replace some Chinese words.
(3) It is for standardizing of sciences of Chinese martial arts, i.e., wushu. There are two to four kinds of different translation for some Chinese word in taijiquan. It is time now for standardizing in translation for these Chinese words.
(4) It is for better understanding and learning.
Originally in Chinese, "Tai, 太" means the beginning of time. "Chi, Ji, 极", here, means the edge of space. It is our universe produced from expanding the space of a human's standing to the edge of the space at any three dimensional direction. Taiji or tai chi is the history of our universe including the period from the beginning of time to now.
Definitions 1: Tai Chi or Taiji (太极)
Taiji or Tai Chi (太极) is a system of Chinese philosophy. It contains all rules and variations of living things and nonliving things in our universe.
Definition 2: Quan or Chuan (拳)
Quan (Chuan, 拳) has two different meanings. The narrow meaning of quan is fists. The broad meaning of quan is Chinese Martial Arts. It contains a lot of skills and training methods for defense and fighting by using several parts of human's body, or by one of cold weapons.
The main parts of human body used for defense and fighting are the fingers, a palm, the fists, a wrist, a forearm, an elbow, a back arm, a shoulder, a knee, a lower leg, a foot, the toes, etc.
Wushu (武术) is a modern and professional name of Chinese martial arts, i.e., the broad meaning of quan. Chinese Martial Arts had the following different names in history: Guoshu (国术), Gongfu (Kung Fu, 功夫), Quanshu (拳术),, Quan (拳), Wugong (武功), Wuyi (武艺), jiji (击技), etc.
Definition 3: Wushu (武术)
Wushu are sciences that teach us how to build a healthy and strong body, how to defense and how to defeat attacks from one or more people by using any part of body, or by using one or more cold weapons.
Wushu is the sole exercise mixed with meditation, healing, self-defense and slowing aging among all of the exercises. Most kinds of wushu do not need any equipment or tools, and no large space either. You can practice some kinds of wushu at home. It is complete different from any other exercise or sports. It needs high concentration, strong discipline and self-control. Karate is one of Japanese Martial Arts. Tae Kwon Do is is one of Korean Martial Arts.
Definition 4: Wushu Jiaolian(武术教练)
Wushu Jiaolian is a master who is qualified to instruct his (her) students to learn wushu, and to train some of them passing the examinations of diplomas or/and the certificates of wushu jiaolian.
An instructor's level is lower than jiaolian, e.g., an advanced student, or a student who learned wushu one year more, is an wushu instructor who can teach the students with lower level, but the instructor is not a jiaolian as he (she) is a student.
A wushu jiaolian should be respected as the same as a wushu professor as the latter is mainly doing research and writing article of wushu, and the former is focusing on the skills of practical defense and fighting.
Wushu contains Waijia Quan(外家拳), Neijia Quan(内家拳)and Qigong (Chi kung, 气功).
Definition 5: Waijia Quan(外家拳)
Waijia Quan(外家拳) is hard or external martial arts. It includes Shaolin Quan (少林拳), Cha Quan (查拳), Pigua Quan (劈挂拳), Tongbei Quan (通背拳), Wujia Quan (邬家拳), Yingzhua Quan (鹰爪拳), Mizong Quan (秘踪拳), Fanzi Quan (翻子拳), Hongjia Quan (洪家拳), Wuzu Quan (五祖拳), Taizu Quan (太祖拳), Caijia Quan (蔡家拳), Lijia Quan (李家拳), Fojia Quan (佛家拳), Cai Li Fo Quan (蔡李佛拳), Yongchun Quan (咏春拳), Xiajia Quan (侠家拳), Kongmen Quan (孔门拳), Yuejia Quan (岳家拳) and Baimei Quan (白眉拳), etc.
Definition 6: Neijia Quan(内家拳)
Neijia Quan(内家拳) is soft or internal martial arts. It includes Taijiquan (太极拳), Xingyi Quan (形意拳), Bagua Zhang (八卦掌), Mian Quan(绵拳), Luhebafa (六合八法), Baxian Zhang (八仙掌), Sixiang Quan (四象拳), Wanshu Liaokong Quan (万术撩空拳) and Xianhumen Quan (弦虎门拳), etc.
Definition 7: Taijiquan (Tai Chi Chuan, 太极拳)
Taijiquan or Tai Chi Chuan is one of the soft (or internal) styles of Chinese martial arts.
The history approved that Tai Chi Chuan is one of the best exercises for meditation, healing, slowing aging and getting more energy.
The greatest benefit for practicing Taijiquan is to get Chi (Qi) as Qi may be used for improving the health, for healing, for self-defense and for slow aging.
Definition 8: Yuan Qi or Yuanqi(元气)
Yuanqi(元气)has the following features:
(1) Every alive human has yuanqi;
(2) Yuanqi's quality and quantity are originally related with his/her parents' DNA;
(3) Without enough yuanqi, without an alive human body. Any part of a human body has to keep a minimum quantity of yuanqi to let it be alive;
(4) Yuanqi's moving in human body must be in one of human meridians or its branches. A human has twenty meridians. It will cause pain if yuanqi's moving is not in human meridian;
(5) Without any alive human body, without yuanqi. Any yuanqi will be disappear if it leave human body;
(6) Yuanqi's moving has to satisfy the following conditions:
(6.1) Any part of alive human body has spare yuanqi as only spare yuanqi may move;
(6.2) Yuanqi may be controlled by its master's mind;
(6.3) Without relaxation, without any moving of yuanqi;
(7) Yuanqi may be used for healing pain and sickness.
Definition 9: Houtian Qi (后天气)
Houtian Qi (后天气) has the following features:
(1) Houtian Qi came from updating a level of digestion of foods for some people;
(2) Houtian Qi may be updated to Yuan Qi for some people;
(3) Houtian Qi may be used for healing pain and sickness.
Definition 10: Qi (Chi, 气)
Qi contains Yuan Qi and Houtian Qi.
The masters of Qigong and Taijiquan, the doctors and the scientists, all of them do not know what is really qi. Qi may not be seen. It may not be smelled. It may not be heard. It may not be tasted, and it is not touchable. If you get Qi from doing Qigong or Taijiquan, you may feel it. If you do not have Qi, you cannot feel it, and it is very difficult for you to understand it. If a person has enough Qi, he/she may use Qi to heal himself/herself or to heal other body. A lot of patients were healed by Qigong masters. This is the evidence of Qi and Qigong. Mainly, we can say that Qi is related with vital energy. Mr. Wang, Yingzhang proposed that Qi has very close relationship with human bio-magnetic fields and bioelectric fields in 1990. Until now, we are talking about the soft style of Qigong. There is a hard style of Qigong. A master, who were trained in hard style Qigong a long time, has an extraordinary ability such as to break a thick stone, to bent a thick steel bar, to chew and to eat up a china bowl, etc. A peaceful and quiet mind will help a beginner to get qi (chi). Qi may be peacefully moved by his/her mind. Nobody were hurt by practicing Taijiquan from history of Taijiquan in China,
It is strongly suggested that he/she learns and practices Tai Chi Chuan or Qigong according the rules. If he/she feels any pain in any position, he/she must stop. Maybe his/her health is not in good condition. Please find out and cure it, and learn Taijiquan/qigong later. It is very possible that his/her stance/situation (including a foot, a knee, the hip, the waist, the shoulder, the chest, a arm, the head or breathing) is not in a right position/way. He/she needs to watch his/her image in a mirror, to find out the problem. If he/she gets Qi, and it is so strong that he/she does not know how to control it, just relax, concentrate his/her mind to Dantian (丹田), forget his/her Qi, and never force Qi to move before consulting a qualified Taijiquan/qigong master. Or just stop practicing Taijiquan/qigong until he/she receives help from a Taijiquan/qigong master. If a person gets pain or feels numb of any part of the body from forcing Qi moving without any help from a Taijiquan/qigong master, a western doctor cannot help him/her. This is very rare. He/she needs to find an Acupressure therapist who can use acupressure and/or qigong to heal the patient. If he/she cannot get help at his/her town, please try to contact Mr. Wang, Yingzhang. Relaxation and concentration including no talking while practicing Taijiquan are the best ways to prevent above problem.
Definition 11: Yin Yang (阴阳)
Any living thing or nonliving thing contain Yin (阴) and Yang (阳).
The universe consists of Yin and Yang. A human body is so complicated that it may be treated as a small universe. It contains Yin and Yang too. Yin includes female, Yang includes male. The balance of Yin and Yang is important for keeping healthy body. Examples of Yin and Yang are the follows. The heaven is Yang, and the ground is Yin. The day is Yang, and the night is Yin. Hardness is Yang, and softness is Yin. Strong is Yang, and Weak is Yin. Outside is Yang, while inside is Yin. Fire is Yang, but water is Yin. Attack is Yang, while defense is Yin. Straight is Yang, and bend is Yin. Work is Yang, and rest is Yin.
Definition 12: Yang (Yin) palm (fist) (阳掌,阴掌;阳拳,阴拳)
The palm (fist) facing down is called Yang palm (fist). The Palm (fist) facing up is Yin palm (fist).
Definition 13: One Part of Body
Here, it is any of the following, e.g., head, main body, neck, shoulders, chest, hip, thigh, knee, lower leg, whole foot, heel, toes, whole arm, front arm, palm, elbow, wrist, fingers, etc.
The smallest living thing of one part of body is a cell.
Definition 14: Dongzuo (动作)
Dongzuo is defined as satisfying all of the following:
(1) It is a simplest and a complete movement of one or several parts of body;
(2) Among more than 90% of dongzuo in wushu, each dongzuo contains mixed movement of two or more parts of body. If dongzuo contain the mixed movement of several parts of body, then, every part of body should start to move at the same time, and all of them must stop at the same time. The speed of all moving parts of body should be smooth, compatible and coordinately.
Definition15: Zhao (招), Shi (式) and Zhaoshi (招式)
A zhao or a shi or a zhaoshi is defined to be met all of the following requirements:
(1) It is an independent set consisting from two or up to more than twenty dongzuo for defense and attack;
(2) Every zhaoshi has its name;
(3) There are one to three key dongzuo;
(4) The name of the zhao is related with key dongzuo;
(5) For the same zhao in different taolu, the key dongzuo must be the same, and the remaining dongzuo may be changed.
For example, the Simplified Taijiquan has 24 zhao as the creators named. The second zhao of the Simplified Taijiquan contains 16 dongzuo. Sometimes, zhao or shi is called zhaoshi.
Definition16: Lu (路), Tao (套) and Taolu (套路)
A lu (路), or a tao (套), or a taolu (套路) of Chinese martial arts has to meet the all of the following requirements:
(1) Every taolu (tao or lu) is named by its creator;
(2) It consists of beginning, zhaoshi and closing;
(3) Once a lu of wushu was created, nobody can change the sequence of zhaoshi, or drop any zhao from it without changing the name of lu. Only the creator can do it;
(4) It should be designed in that the facing direction of beginning and closing must be the same, in that the distance between both locations of beginning and closing should be not exceed the height of the person who practices this wushu taolu.
The minimum number of zhao for a lu of traditional Chinese martial arts in history is 18. Most lu of wushu contain 30-64 zhao. The famous Qingping Sword consists of 365 zhao and six lu. Each Lu of Qingping Sword has 59-64 zhao. Usually, all of wushu taolu, which has less than 18 zhao, are taolu of basic training.
Definition 17: Michuan (秘传)
It is called michuan if a wushu/taijiquan/qigong taolu or a skill or technique of acupressure can be only learned from his/her master or a member of his/her family, and if the above taolu or skill/technique is a sole one in the world.
Definition 18: Zhao Bian (招变)
It is called zhao bian that there are at least one different dongzuo for a same zhao in different wushu taolu, or in application of defense or/and fighting.
For the 1st Lu, the 2nd Lu, ...., and the 10th Lu of Southern 64 Zhao Taijiquan, or for the 1st Lu, the 2nd Lu, ...., and the 10th Lu of Southern 24 Zhao Taijiquan, zhao bian is common.
Definition19: Bian Zhao (变招)
Let F be a name of a zhao random chosen from any wushu taolu, let G be the name of a zhao which is the following zhao after F. For example, if F is the 6th zhao, then the 7th zhao is G. If F is the last zhao of a wushu taolu, then G is closing of the wushu taolu. A bian zhao is defined as G must be different from F in any wushu taolu.
Any FG is a sole one in ten lu of Southern 24 zhao Taijiquan, i.e., there are 240 completely different FG in ten lu of Southern 24 zhao Taijiquan.
Zhao bian is the variation of inside of a zhao in any different wushu taolu or practical fighting.
Bian zhao is introduced to answer the question of that what is the next movement after the end of a zhao. A bian zhao is the sequence of any zhao to its next different zhao or closing in any different wushu taolu or practical fighting.
If we only learn one or two taolu of taijiquan (or wushu), there are almost no variation of any zhao. A fixed zhao and a bian zhao without any variation will cause mechanical movement in practicing taijiquan or wushu. It will increase the difficult in getting qi, and limit ability of defence and fight of application of taijiquan (or wushu). In 16 taolu (592 zhao) of Southern Taijiquan which I have finished reorganizing traditional Southern Taijiquan, there are 592 bian zhao and more than 5,000 different dongzuo. It will greatly enhance concentration, improve memory, sensibility, eyesight, motility, self-control and a chance to win in practical fight.
Definition 20: Quanpu(拳谱)
Quanpu of a wushu taolu is defined as the follows:
(1) All names of zhao of this taolu, or/and
(2) The history of this taolu, or/and
Any written comment, experience, understanding, lesson and suggestion from any master of generations of this wushu taolu in history.
Definition 21: Yuandi (原地) and Yuandi Taijiquan (原地太极拳).
Let J be the name of a person. Let H be J’s height.
Let T1 be the beginning time at which J starts to do his/her exercise, let T2 be the end time at which J stops his/her exercise. Then,
(T2 - T1)
is J’s total time in exercise.
Let a number A be 0≤A≤1. Let area S being satisfied all of the following conditions:
(1) S = (H + A X H) X (H + A X H) = (1 + A)²H2
(2) J has to stands at the center of S at T1.
If J never crosses any border of S when J did his/her exercise during (T2 - T1), J did Yuandi exercise. If J’s exercise is a taolu of taijiquan, J did yuandi taijiquan.
If a taolu of taijiquan has to be practiced like above J’s way, this taolu of taijiquan is Yuandi Taijiquan.
For Southern 48 Zhao Yuandi Taijiquan, above A is 0.5. Starting from now,
“Southern 48 Zhao Yuandi Taijiquan”
will replace
“Southern 48 Form Tai Chi Chuan with Limited Foot Movement”
for saving our time and space in writing an article of taijiquan.